Furthermore, Indians depended much more on the spoken word, and had little use for or understanding of treaties and deeds, which the Europeans depended upon. Indians had only a communal sense of property, making "land deals" a confusing notion. Europeans were ever-hungry for land, causing no end to conflict and tension.
Europeans also brought alcohol, and alcoholism had a deleterious effect on Indian communities. Zealous Christian missionaries caused many Indians to adopt different spiritual beliefs. European epidemics decimated Indian populations, with many tribes being wiped out entirely. Calloway makes an effort to give a voice to the indigenous people who were too often marginalized, abused, and exploited by the arrival of land-hungry Europeans.Įuropean contact changed Indian peoples in numerous ways, literally turning their world upside down. By creating the volume, the editor Colin G. The World Turned Upside Down contains several texts written by Native Americans, from the time Europeans made first contact with the New World, up until the end of the American Revolution.
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